Effects of ischemia and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin on in vitro passage of lipopolysaccharide across equine jejunum     

Tomlinson JE  Blikslager AT 《American journal of veterinary research》2004,65(10):1377-1383

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ischemia and flunixin affect in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS) absorption in samples of the jejunum of horses. ANIMALS: 12 horses. PROCEDURE: Horses were anesthetized, a midline celiotomy was performed, and the jejunum was located. Two 30-cm sections of jejunum (60 cm apart) were selected. One segment was designated as control tissue; ischemia was induced in the other segment for 120 minutes. Horses were then euthanatized. Mucosa from each jejunal segment was mounted on Ussing chambers and treated with or without flunixin. Tissues from 6 horses were used to assess permeability to radiolabeled LPS; mucosal samples from the remaining 6 horses were incubated with fluorescent-labeled LPS (FITC-LPS) and examined histologically. Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and production of LPS-binding protein (LBP) were assessed as indicators of mucosal response to LPS. RESULTS: Ischemia significantly increased mucosal permeability to LPS, but by 180 minutes, the mucosa was not more permeable than control tissue. Flunixin treatment adversely affected intestinal barrier function throughout the experiment but did not result in increased mucosal permeability to LPS. Compared with control tissues, LBP production was increased by ischemia and reduced by exposure to LPS. In ischemic tissue, FITC-LPS entered the lamina propria but TNF-alpha was produced on the mucosal side only, indicating little response to the absorbed LPS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Ischemia increased LPS passage across equine jejunal mucosa. Flunixin delayed mucosal recovery but did not exacerbate LPS absorption. Evaluation of the clinical importance of flunixin-associated delayed mucosal recovery requires further in vivo investigation.  相似文献   

Pre-hospital low-volume resuscitation with hemoglobin-glutamer-200 (Hb-200) in a canine hemorrhagic shock model     

B. Driessen  L Zarucco  PM Burns  R Boston  RA Gunther  AT Cheung 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(4):15-15

The Bowen Technique is a unique hands‐on therapy developed by Tom Bowen of Australia in the 1950s–60s and adapted for use in animals by Carol Bennett in 1997. It consists of a specific sequence of gentle, precise rolling moves done with thumb and fingers over muscle and tendon edges, across the direction of tension. A short waiting period follows each set of moves. Definitive mechanism(s) of action remains to be identified; however, autonomic nervous system modulation (heart rate variability studies) has been documented in humans. The technique has also been reported effective for back, hip, neck, and shoulder pain in human studies. Five geriatric dogs (13–16 years old) of various breeds were presented in a case series at a small animal clinic for primary complaints of stiffness, poor ambulation, and difficulty lying down/getting up. Four had hindlimb proprioceptive deficits; three had arthritic changes to coxofemoral joints and/or lumbar spine; three showed active indicators of pain (chronic pacing/panting; irritability; social withdrawal). All were on NSAID and/or nutritional therapy with unsatisfactory results. One dog had acupuncture weekly for over 1 year but no longer tolerated the needles. Treatment consisted of Animal Bowen at weekly or biweekly intervals. Three dogs were pain scored [0–10; average starting score 6.7 ± 0.6 (mean ± S.D.); range 6–7] by owner before and after treatment. All five dogs showed significant positive changes in attitude, and four had notable improvement in ease of ambulation, after the first treatment. Improvement was progressive over treatment course. Average post‐treatment score was 2.3 ± 2.1 (0, 3, 4); average pain score reduction was 4.3 ± 1.5 (range 3–6) after two to six treatments for the three dogs scored. One dog had complete resolution of hindlimb lameness of 5 years duration after three sessions. Animal Bowen, used alone or in conjunction with standard analgesics and other treatments, can be an effective therapy for chronic musculoskeletal conditions in dogs.  相似文献   

Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors flunixin and deracoxib on permeability of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum     

Tomlinson JE  Blikslager AT 《Equine veterinary journal》2005,37(1):75-80

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Recent studies have shown that flunixin prevented recovery of equine jejunum post ischaemia. However, the use of a purported cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 preferential inhibitor, etodolac, also prevented recovery. These findings may have implications for the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in colic patients. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of deracoxib, a highly selective canine COX-2 inhibitor, with flunixin on in vitro recovery of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum. METHODS: Six horses underwent 2 h jejunal ischaemia, after which mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers and recovered for 240 mins. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and mucosal-to-serosal fluxes of 3H-mannitol were monitored as indices of barrier function in the presence of flunixin or deracoxib. RESULTS: The TER of ischaemic-injured tissue recovered significantly over 240 mins in the presence of no treatment, but not in the presence of flunixin or deracoxib. In addition, flunixin-treated ischaemic jejunum was significantly more permeable to mannitol when compared with untreated tissue by the end of the recovery period, whereas deracoxib treatment did not increase permeability. Addition of the PGE1 analogue misoprostol to flunixin-treated tissue restored recovery of TER. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Treatment of horses with ischaemic jejunal disease with flunixin may result in a prolonged permeability defect in recovering mucosa. Addition of misoprostol or replacement of flunixin with deracoxib may ameliorate effects of COX inhibitors on recovering mucosa.  相似文献   

Surgical and postoperative factors influencing short-term survival of horses following small intestinal resection: 92 cases (1994-2001)     

Morton AJ  Blikslager AT 《Equine veterinary journal》2002,34(5):450-454

Although short-term survival rates following small intestinal resection reportedly range from 48-88%, there is little information on predicting which horse may or may not survive small intestinal (SI) resection and anastomosis. The aim of this study was to identify factors that contribute to nonsurvival in horses following small intestinal resection. Medical records of horses which recovered from anaesthesia following SI resection were reviewed. Clinical and surgical variables were evaluated for their association with short-term survival using logistic regression and were reported as odds ratios (OR), including the 95% confidence interval (CI), indicating the likelihood of horses not surviving to hospital discharge. Ninety-two records met the criteria for inclusion. Thirty-six (81.8%) of the horses that underwent jejunojejunostomy (JJ) and 34 (70.8%) of the horses that underwent jejunocaecostomy (JC) survived to discharge. Multiple logistic analysis indicated that postoperative ileus (OR = 29.7; 95% CI 2.5-354.6), repeat celiotomy (OR = 18; CI 1.7-187.6), and an elevated heart rate of > or = 60 beats/min (OR = 5.6; CI 1.5-20.6) were the principal factors associated with nonsurvival. A low total plasma protein of <55 g/l (OR = 1.8; CI 0.-7.6) was incorporated in the final model because its inclusion improved the overall validity of the model, Clinicians should be aware of the factors associated with the greatest likelihood of nonsurvival following small intestinal resection, so that they can institute aggressive treatment and accurately inform owners on the likelihood of survival.  相似文献   

Mesenteric rents as a source of small intestinal strangulation in horses: 15 cases (1990-1997)     

Gayle JM  Blikslager AT  Bowman KF 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2000,216(9):1446-1449

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical findings in horses with small intestinal strangulation through mesenteric rents, and to determine the recurrence and survival rates after surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 15 horses with small intestinal obstruction via a mesenteric rent. PROCEDURE: Medical records of horses with obstruction of the small intestine via a mesenteric rent between January 1990 and December 1997 were reviewed. The signalment, history, initial physical examination findings, results of abdominocentesis, and clinical laboratory values were recorded. Surgical findings, including location of the mesenteric rent and surgical procedure performed, were recorded. Short- and long-term survival rates were calculated. RESULTS: Most mesenteric rents were located in the mesentery of the small intestine (13 horses). Two horses had multiple mesenteric defects. Seven horses were euthanatized at surgery because of an inability to reduce the entrapped intestine (3 horses), uncontrollable hemorrhage (2), inability to close the rent (1), and the amount of compromised intestine involved (1). Seven horses required intestinal resection and anastomosis. The median length of intestine resected was 2.6 m (range, 0.6 to 4.5 m). The mesenteric rents created during resection were not closed in 2 horses. One of these 2 horses subsequently developed a strangulating obstruction through the open rent. Seven of 15 horses in our study were discharged from the hospital (i.e., short-term survival rate of 47% [7/15]). Long-term follow-up information was available for 5 of the 7 horses (follow-up duration of 5 months to 9 years), of which 2 died as a result of colic, and 1 horse was euthanatized because of severe arthritis (i.e., long-term survival rate of 40% [2/5]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Inability to reduce the intestinal obstruction, severe hemorrhage from the mesentery, and the length of intestine involved are the main factors that decrease survival rates in horses with small intestinal strangulation caused by mesenteric rents.  相似文献   

Effects of feed physical form and buffering solutes on water disappearance and proximal stomach pH in swine     

Ange KD  Eisemann JH  Argenzio RA  Almond GW  Blikslager AT 《Journal of animal science》2000,78(9):2344-2352

The effects of the physical form of feed on water disappearance and the effects of buffered water on proximal stomach pH in swine were determined in two experiments. In Exp. 1, 32 barrows were used to evaluate the water disappearance in pigs fed a finely ground and pelleted diet vs those fed a coarsely ground and mashed diet for ad libitum consumption over a 2-wk interval. There were four replicates with eight pigs per replicate. Average daily water and feed disappearance did not differ (P = 0.06 and P = 0.10, respectively). However, average daily water to feed ratio was higher for pigs on the pelleted diet (4.21+/-0.31 L/kg vs 3.04+/-0.33 L/kg; P = 0.02). The higher ratio for the pelleted diet indicated that this may be the cause of a more fluid digesta allowing reflux of irritants from the distal stomach to damage the pars esophageal region of the proximal stomach. In Exp. 2, four barrows (25+/-2 kg) had gastric cannulas surgically implanted into the proximal region of the stomach. Pigs were given ad libitum access to a finely ground and pelleted diet. The experimental design was a Latin square. Water treatments included water (control), 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Pigs were given a 4-d adjustment period, and pH measurements began on the morning of the 5th d and continued for 24 h under normal feeding conditions. Feed was removed and measurements were continued for 16 h. Buffered water raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach compared to the control (P < 0.001). Average pH while consuming the water treatments was 3.65+/-0.11 (n = 4) for water control, 4.86+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 4.63+/-0.11 (n = 4) for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 4.59+/-0.14 (n = 3) for the 250 mOsm mono-dibasic sodium phosphate. Buffers also raised the pH of the proximal region of the stomach for the fed (P < 0.001) and the feed restriction (P < 0.01) phases of the trial. Water disappearance rates in pigs given NaHCO3 were higher than in the control (P < 0.01). Average daily water disappearance for the treatments was 9.13+/-0.74 L for the control, 13.56+/-0.74 L for 200 mOsm NaHCO3, 13.77+/-0.74 L for the 250 mOsm NaHCO3, and 10.33+/-0.95 L for the phosphate buffer. The proximal pH of the stomach was increased by adding buffers to the water supply. Addition of NaHCO3 buffers also caused increased water disappearance.  相似文献   

Role of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of secretory diarrhea     

Jones SL  Blikslager AT 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2002,16(3):222-228

Details of the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial secretion in the gastrointestinal tract are becoming clear, leading to new models of the mechanisms underlying diarrhea. The enteric nervous system is a critical component of the mechanism regulating fluid secretion in the normal gut and a key element in the pathophysiology of diarrhea. Neural reflex pathways increase epithelial fluid secretion in response to several enteric pathogens of veterinary importance such as Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, rotavirus, and Clostridium difficile. Moreover, the enteric nervous system has an important role in epithelial secretion triggered by products of activated leukocytes during inflammation. New approaches targeting the enteric nervous system show promise for the treatment of secretory diarrhea.  相似文献   

Agreement between invasive blood pressure measured centrally and peripherally in anaesthetized horses     

Keely AT. Wilson  Anthea L. Raisis  Eleanor A. Drynan  Martina Mosing  Guy D. Lester  Jemma Hayman  Giselle L. Hosgood 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(4):467-476

Objective

To determine the agreement of invasive blood pressure measured in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries, and evaluate the effects of two haemodynamic conditions on agreement.

Study design

Prospective randomized study.

Animals

A group of eight horses aged 7 (4–23) years with a body weight of 493 ± 33 kg.

Methods

Horses were anaesthetized and positioned in dorsal recumbency. Invasive blood pressure was measured simultaneously via catheters placed in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries. Cardiovascular function and agreement between arteries was assessed before and during administration of phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside. These were administered until carotid mean pressure (MAPc) increased or decreased from baseline (65 ± 5) to >90 or <50 mmHg, respectively. Data recorded at each sample time included systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures for carotid (c), facial (f) and metatarsal (m) arteries as well as cardiac output ($\dot{\text{Q}}\text{t}$) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between peripheral and central sites, and regression analysis to determine influence of $\dot{\text{Q}}\text{t}$ and SVR.

Results

The largest difference was observed in SAPc and SAPm with a bias and limits of agreement (LOA) of 2 (?15 to 19) mmHg. The bias (LOA) for MAPc and MAPf was 2 (?4 to 9) mmHg and for MAPc and MAPm was 5 (?4 to 14) mmHg. The best agreement for DAP was seen between DAPc and DAPf with bias (LOA) of 1 (?3 to 5) mmHg. Regression analysis indicated marginal influence on agreement by $\dot{\text{Q}}\text{t}$ on MAPc and MAPf.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

MAP and DAP of the carotid artery were higher than those of the peripheral arteries, which may lead to overzealous treatment of hypotension, albeit maintaining central pressures. $\dot{\text{Q}}\text{t}$ and SVR did not largely influence the difference between sites.  相似文献   

Protein biomarker of cell proliferation determines survival to discharge in cases of equine large colon volvulus          下载免费PDF全文

C. R. Kucera  L. W. Stranahan  F. Hughes  A. T. Blikslager  L. M. Gonzalez 《Equine veterinary journal》2018,50(4):452-456

  相似文献   

Effect of sucralfate on gastric permeability in an ex vivo model of stress‐related mucosal disease in dogs          下载免费PDF全文

Tracy L. Hill  B. Duncan X. Lascelles  Anthony T. Blikslager 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2018,32(2):670-678

  相似文献